Memory Management

Introduction Generations of Computers Classification of Computers Basic Anatomy of a Computer System Memory Management Computer Software Operating System

Algorithm Flowcharts

Programming Language Generations of Programming Languages Introduction to C Structure of C Programming Language Integrated Development Environment First C program, Hello World Executing a C Program Constants in C Variables in C C Storage Classes and Storage Class Specifiers

Introduction Arithmetic operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Assignment Operator Increment and Decrement Operators Conditional Operators Bitwise Operators Precedence and Associativity

Control Instructions in C if Statement in C if-else Statement Nested if-else statement else if ladder Switch Statements in C

Loops Introduction for Loop while loop in C do-while Loop break and continue statements

Array in C One Dimensional array Two Dimensional Array Multidimensional Arrays

Modular Programming Functions

Searching Techniques Linear Search Algorithm Binary-Search-Algorithm

Sorting Introduction Bubble Sort

What is Strings Standard Library String Functions

Structure Introduction Defining a Structure Declaration of Structure Example of Structure Union Introduction Defining a Union Accessing Union Members

Pointers in C Accessing the Address of a variable Pointer Operations

Dynamic Memory Allocation

The memory unit of a computer is used to store data, instructions for processing data, intermediate results of processing, and the final processed information. The memory units of a computer are classified as primary and secondary memory. Computers also use a third type of storage location known as the internal process memory.

Primary Memory

The primary memory is available as a built-in component of the computer. The primary memory is represented as a series of locations, each of which is 8 bits long. A unique address identifies each bit in the memory. In these memory regions, the data is stored in a machine-readable binary format. The following are some of the most widely utilized primary memories:

ROM - ROM represents Read-Only Memory that stores data and instructions, even when the computer is turned off. It is the permanent memory of the computer where the contents cannot b modified by an end-user. ROM is a chip that is inserted into the motherboard. It is generally used to store the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), which performs the Power On Self Test (POST).

RAM - RAM is the read/write memory unit in which the information is retained only as long as there is a regular power supply. When the power supply is interrupted or switched off, the information stored in the RAM is lost. RAM is volatile memory that temporarily stores data and applications as long as they are in use.

Cache memory - Cache memory is used to store the data and the related application that was last processed by the CPU. When the processor performs processing, it first searches the cache memory and then the RAM, for instruction. The cache memory can be either soldered into the motherboard or is available as a part of RAM.

Secondary Memory

External storage devices attached to the computer are referred to as secondary memory. They provide a non-volatile memory source for storing data that isn't being used right now. A storage device is either built into the computer's CPU case or is attached to it externally. The following are the several types of secondary storage devices:

Magnetic storage device - Magnetic storage devices hold data that can be read, deleted, and rewritten repeatedly. Floppy discs, hard discs, and magnetic tapes are examples of these.

Optical storage device - Optical storage devices are secondary storage devices that read data using laser beams. CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD-ROM, and other digital video discs with read-only memory (DVD-ROM) are examples.

Magneto-optical storage device - Magneto-optical storage devices are typically used to store huge programs, files, and backup data. The information saved in magneto-optical storage systems can be modified by the end user several times. These devices have a larger storage capacity since they read and write data to the device using laser beams and magnets.

Fundamentals of the Computer System

Introduction to Algorithm

Programming Basics

Operators in C

Conditional Branching

Iteration and Loops

Array in C

Functions in C

Searching Algorithms

Sorting Algorithms

Strings

Structures and Union

Pointers in C

File Handling in C

Advanced