Generations of Programming Languages

Introduction Generations of Computers Classification of Computers Basic Anatomy of a Computer System Memory Management Computer Software Operating System

Algorithm Flowcharts

Programming Language Generations of Programming Languages Introduction to C Structure of C Programming Language Integrated Development Environment First C program, Hello World Executing a C Program Constants in C Variables in C C Storage Classes and Storage Class Specifiers

Introduction Arithmetic operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Assignment Operator Increment and Decrement Operators Conditional Operators Bitwise Operators Precedence and Associativity

Control Instructions in C if Statement in C if-else Statement Nested if-else statement else if ladder Switch Statements in C

Loops Introduction for Loop while loop in C do-while Loop break and continue statements

Array in C One Dimensional array Two Dimensional Array Multidimensional Arrays

Modular Programming Functions

Searching Techniques Linear Search Algorithm Binary-Search-Algorithm

Sorting Introduction Bubble Sort

What is Strings Standard Library String Functions

Structure Introduction Defining a Structure Declaration of Structure Example of Structure Union Introduction Defining a Union Accessing Union Members

Pointers in C Accessing the Address of a variable Pointer Operations

Dynamic Memory Allocation

Generations of Programming Languages
1GL: Machine languages
2GL: Assembly languages
3GL: (Machine-independent) imperative languages (FORTRAN, Pascal, C ...)
4GL: Domain-specific languages (SQL)
5GL: AI languages

Each generation is at a higher level of abstraction

Properties of Programming Language:

• Efficiency
• Reliability
• Robustness
• Usability
• Portability

1. Low-level language: It contains the strings of binary numbers (0’s & 1’s) and is machine-dependent. It means that the machine language( First generation language ) for every processor is different. An instruction prepared in any machine language has a two-part format.

Advantages:	Disadvantage:
1. Very Efficient	1. Machine Dependent
2. Requires less storage space	2. Programming is difficult
3. The processor can execute without any transaction	3. Error Prone
	4. Cost is high

2. Assembly Language (Second Generation Language): A symbolic language, often known as assembly language, is a language that uses symbols rather than numbers. Assembler is a translation application that transforms assembly language into computer machine code.

Advantages:	Disadvantage:
1. Time-saving & reduce details	1. Coding is time-consuming.
2. Fewer errors & made which is easier to find.	2. It is also machine-oriented as the code for one machine is not used by the other one.
3. Assembly lang. program are easier to modify then the m/c language program.
4. Easier to understand & use.

3. High-Level Language: The high-level language was created to solve the difficulties of low-level language. Instead of being machine-based, these languages are focused on problem-solving.

High-level languages can be classified into three categories :

Third-generation language:- Procedure –oriented languages ( BASIC , COBOL, FORTRAN,C,C++,JAVA)
Fourth-generation language:- Problem-oriented languages (Query languages )
Fifth-generation language:- Natural languages ( LISP and PROLOG )

Advantages:

1. These are easier to learn than low-level language.
2. It required less time to write.
3. They provide better documentation.
4. Easier to maintain.
5. They are not machine-oriented.

Comparison of High Level Language, Assembly Language & Machine Language

	High Level Language	Assembly Language	Machine Language
1.	These are easily understandable.	Less understandable than high-level language but more than m/c language.	Programs are less understandable.
2.	Programs are portable.	Not portable to the processor to same interpreter only.	Not portable only processor of the same architecture.
3.	Debugging is easier.	Debugging is more complex then high-level language.	Not good as high-level language and assembly language.

Fundamentals of the Computer System

Introduction to Algorithm

Programming Basics

Operators in C

Conditional Branching

Iteration and Loops

Array in C

Functions in C

Searching Algorithms

Sorting Algorithms

Strings

Structures and Union

Pointers in C

File Handling in C

Advanced